Tuesday, December 12, 2017

Tajaka (Annual) Charts - Muntha in various houses

Muntha in the First House
If Muntha is in the first house or Varsha Ascendant, it will neither give auspicious nor inauspicious results. The year will be average on the whole. The Year is termed by some as Punarjanma year. Healthwise, Muntha in Ascendant is considered to be inauspicious. It may create unnecessary disputes and tensions in this house.

However, If the person works hard, conducts himself in the right path, the native will be able to attain high position and success in business. He gets support of high authority at workplace and achieves financial benefits, provides victory over enemies and good health.

Muntha in the Second house
If Muntha is in the second house of Varsha Kundali, a person may invest in new business ventures. Such a person works hard throughout the year. He tries to overcome all kinds of obstacles with his hardwork. He will succeed in doing so. Financially, there may be some obstacles and struggles. If the Dasa and Transits are supportive, his efforts will succeed into the acquisition of wealth, gains from business and trade, respect from one’s associates, favors from the opposite sex, good food, and governmental favors ensuring livelihood

Muntha in the Third House
Courageous efforts yielding wealth, general comforts,fovours from siblings acquisition of name and fame, success in endeavours, inclination to do good to others, availability of sustenance from the ruler. If Muntha is in the third house of a Varsha Kundali, a person succeeds because of his innovative ideas. He will be respected in the society. He will do something which will bring his name and fame in the society. However, Muntha in the third house will be inauspicious for personal relations. There will be disputes in the family. Relations with younger brothers will be bad and there will be a break up in the family. There may be court cases due to domestic disputes.
  
Muntha in the Fourth House
Muntha in fourth house is not considered to be auspicious. It gives mixed results.Mind may be restless. There may be some disputes in family on property issues. You may have to face struggles throughout the year. There may also be some health problems. You may suffer from body ache, respiratory problems, and tensions regarding enemies and so on. You may also be degraded due to false accusations.
Muntha in fourth house brings problems in your career or profession. Change of residence against your will and problems may increase because of this change.
Physical ailment, mental anguish, fears from foes, opposition from the near and dear ones, loss of wealth. Disgrace, displeasure of the ruler.
Muntha in the fourth house causes poor health and diseases. The native suffers from stress in relationship, misunderstandings and obstacles in work

Muntha in the Fifth House
Muntha in the fifth house provides pleasure of children and opportunities to perform religious works. The native gets benefits and respect from government. Benefits from knowledge and new tasks are also obtained by the native with Muntha in the fifth house.
Inclination towards good and pious deeds will be there. Birth of a child or happiness through the offspring, physical pleasures,comforts and rise in status.
Muntha in fifth house is considered to be auspicious. During this year, a person receives happiness and peace of mind. He also achieves success. Students are able to do well in examinations. A person’s children also succeed in life. Muntha in fifth house gives monetary benefits. A person gets opportunities to succeed in his profession and business. He is also well-respected in society. Fifth house is also known as a Dharma triangle. Therefore, a person may be inclined towards religious activities when Muntha is in fifth house. Such a person goes on pilgrimages. He may get married or be involved with other auspicious activities. The native will be fortunate during this period

Muntha in the Sixth House
Muntha in sixth house is considered to be inauspicious. Muntha in sixth house encourages a person towards unethical activities. Such a person may be involved with illegal or unethical activities. He may be involved in court cases because of disputes. There may be some bad thoughts in his mind. His may be degraded and disrespected in society. A person may also be irritated in life. He may be worried over petty issues. He is unable to have some peace of mind. Such a person may feel lazy and lethargic. There may also be headaches. A person may also be involved in unethical relationships. He may lose respect because of such relations.
 Fear from foes, thieves, and rulers, diminished body resistance causing proneness to illness, failure in undertakings, loss of wealth, perverted thinking, remorse, increase in the number of enemies, adverse results from well-intended deeds.
Muntha in the sixth house gives fear of theft, enemies, mental stress, liabilities, fear of court and accidents.
Muntha in the Seventh House
Muntha is not considered auspicious in the seventh house. It gives misunderstanding in relationships and conflicts with friends and siblings. Muntha in this house also gives loss in partnership, stress and diseases
Physical ailment, perverted thinking, loss of wealth, disappointment arising from the spouse, the business partners and the enemies, inclination towards bad deeds, disappointment, the likelihood of imprisonment.
Muntha is seventh house brings a possibility that a woman may fall ill. If the Kundali belongs to a woman, her husband may fall ill. During this year, expenses may rise. Brothers may cause some problems. There may be some domestic disputes. A person may be involved with unnecessary and fales court cases. He may also lose respect. Such a person is inclined towards non religious activities. He may not be very excited. Such a person may be involved with gambling. He may be unfortunate during this period.


Muntha in the Eighth House
Muntha in eighth house is also considered inauspicious. Due to Muntha in eighth house, you may be misguided from your path. You may incur monetary losses. There may be some losses in business. You may be inclined towards unethical activities. This may cause some monetary losses. However, you will also regret this later. Healthwise, you may face physical and mental problems. You may be physically weak and ill. You may also change your residence.
The Muntha here produces extremely bad results in the form of incurable illness, loss of wealth, quarrels, loss of physical strength and stamina, inclination towards mean deeds, dominance by enemies, displeasure of the ruler, losses in litigation, distant travel, change in the place of residence, and varied worldly discomforts and setbacks.
Muntha in the eighth house gives the fear of accident, disappointments, conflicts, court trials, fear of diseases and increased expenditures

Muntha in the Ninth House
Muntha gives good results in the ninth house. The native experiences success and financial stability. It gives good results in terms of job, career, business, and family life
Fulfilment of desires, inclination towards pious deeds, religious ceremony at home, favors from the ruler, happiness from the spouse and the offspring, increase in status and fortune, beneficial and fruitful journey.
Muntha in ninth house is considered to be auspicious. Due to Muntha in ninth house, you may be very fortunate. All your desires will be fulfilled during that year. If you run your own business, it will grow and expand. If you have a job, you may be promoted. You will be involved with auspicious and religious activities. You may also go on a pilgrimage. You will be well-respected in society.

Muntha in the Tenth House
If Muntha is in tenth house, a person may be promoted and honored by the Government. Such a person achieves success. He is able to fulfill all his desires. His business grows and expands.  Such a person gets famous and well-respected in society. Muntha in tenth house provides auspicious results to a person.
Muntha in the tenth house provides high position in the society. The native get all his desires fulfilled and attains fame and respect

Muntha in the Eleventh House
Mutha in the eleventh house provides pleasure of family life, support from friends, political success and benefit from commercial activities
If Muntha is in eleventh house, the year is auspicious from financial point of view. A person receives sudden monetary benefits this year. He also receives other monetary benefits from different sources. Such a person also receives some benefits from the Government. Money which he was unable to recover for some time will finally be paid. Such a person excels in life and acquires all kinds of happiness.
Muntha in the Twelth House
If Muntha is in twelfth house, it is considered to be inauspicious. It gives inauspicious results to a person. A person’s expenses may rise and even his savings may be spent. There are many obstacles in accomplishing tasks. A person may be involved with bad company. He may be restless. He may also be involved with non religious activities. Muntha in twelfth house may also cause some health problems.

Muntha in the twelfth house gives disease, fear of accidents, exile, court trials. It provides harm to the wealth and reputation of the native

Saturday, December 9, 2017

Exceptions to Nadi Dosha

1. If the couple is having same Janma Rasi but different birth stars, or same birth star and different Janma rasis, then Nadi dosha does not exist. The couple in these case will have excellent mutual understanding and love. However, couple have same Janma Rasi and same nakshatra padas is the cause of death.

2. Nadi dosha is seen generally for persons belonging to Brahmin caste ( For those who are Purohits and do daily homas) . For people of other castes, Nadi dosha may not be considered. 
But if the Janma Nakshatras of the Boy or Girl falls in one of Bharani, Aslesha, Jyeshta or Moola then Nadi Dosha has to be considered for Couples of all castes.  

3.Nadi Dosha does not exist, if the birth stars and even if the padas of the couple are the same and of the following stars : -  Rohini , Ardra, Pushya, Magha, Visakha, Shravana, Uttara Bhadra and Revati.

4.If one of the Boy or Girl has Janma Nakshtra among the following stars, then Nadi Dosha is eliminated :- Ardra, Hasta, Chitra, Swati, Visakha, Anuradha, Poorva Bhadra  and Revati.

5. The following pairs : 

Krittika - Rohini ; 

Dhanishta- Satabhisha; 

Pushyami - Aslesha 

should be left in marraige if they coincide with the Janma Nakshtra of the Boy and the Girl

6. 100% compatibility in respect of Tara, Graha maitri, Yoni and Mahendra Kutas will remove Nadi Dosha

7.The following pairs of  Janma Nakshatras, falling in different signs will not cause Nadi Dosha : 

Krittika - Rohini; 

Ardra- Punarvasu; 

Uttara Phalguni - Hasta; 

Purva Bhadra - Satabhisha; 

Uttarashaadha-Shravana 

even if the pair falls in the same nadi.

8.Nadi Dosha has to be considered only for arranged marraiges.

9. If one of Jupiter, Venus or Mercury is the common Rasi lords, then Nadi Dosha need not be considered.

10. If  Maha Mrutyunjaya Pasupata homam is done along with donation of gold, gems, cow, grains, clothes and butter to Brahmins as per ones capacity, then Nadi Dosha is eliminated.

Marital compatibility with the partner with natal moon in 7th constellation - Some results

Result of marriage with partner who has natal moon in the 7th star
Birth Star 7th star Result if married
Ashwini Punarvasu Gives birth to many daughters
Bharani Pushyami Couple will live in affluence
Krittika Aslesha Unhappy Married life
Rohini Magha Many sons
Mrigashira Purva Phalguni Death & Pecuniary loss
Ardra Uttara Phalguni Happy Married life
Punarvasu Hasta Progress & Development
Pushyami Chitra Happy Married life
Ashlesha Swati Unhappy Married life
Magha Vishakha Wicked sons will be born
Purva Phalguni Anuradha Happy Married life
Uttara Phalguni Jyeshta Rancour between the couple
Hasta Moola Death & Pecuniary loss
Chitra Purvashadha Unhappy Married life
Swati Uttarashadha Birth of daughters
Vishakha Shravana Enimity between the couple
Anuradha Dhanishta Unhappy Married life
Jyeshta Satabhisha Ruin
Moola Purvabhadra Prosperity shall increase
Purvashadha Uttarabhadra Mutual affection
Uttarashadha Revati Enjoyments
Shravana Ashwini Couple shall separate
Dhanishta Bharani Unhappy Married life
Satabhisha Krittika Unhappy Married life
Purvabhadra Rohini Many sons
Uttarabhadra Mrigashira Widowhood
Revati Ardra Rancour between the couple

Rasi Mantras

Rasi Mantra In English
Mesha ॐ विष्णवे नमः  Om Vishnave namah
Vrishabha ॐ वासुदेवाय नमः  Om Vaasudevaaya namah
Mithuna
ॐ केशवाय नमः 
Om Keshavaaya namah
Karkaataka
ॐ राधा  कृष्णाय नमः 
Om Raadhaa Krishnaaya namah
Simha
ॐ हरि हराय बाल मुकुन्दाय नमः .
Om Hari Haraaya baala mukundaaya namah
Kanya
ॐ ह्रीं पीताम्बराय परमात्मने नमः 
Om Hreem Peetaambaraaya Paramaatmane namah
Tula
ॐ श्री राम दसरथाये नमः 
Om Shreen Rama Dasarathaaya namah
Vrishchika
ॐ नारायणाय नमः 
Om Naaraayanaaya namah
Vrishchika
ॐ नराय नमः 
Om Naraaya Namah
Dhanus
ॐ ह्रीं श्रीं क्रीं धरणी धराय नमः 
Om Shreem Kreem Dharanee Dharaaya namah
Makar
ॐ श्रीं वत्सलाय नमः 
Om Shree Vatsalaaya namah
Kumbha
ॐ श्रीं उपेन्द्राय अच्युताय नमः 
Om Shreem Upendraaya Achyutaaya namah
Kumbha
ॐ क्लीं गोविन्द गोपालाय नमः 
Om Kleem Govinda Gopaalaaya namah
Meena
ॐ क्रीं रथाङ्ग चक्राय नमः 
Om Kreem Rathaanga Chakraaya namah

Monday, September 4, 2017

When Divinity descends on to Earth !!!!

Is there an astrological combination which indicates direct descent of divinity on Earth????
I bel opieve there is. It is When Pluto is eclipsed by Rahu or Ketu.

 Annamacharya was born when Pluto and the RK axis is conjunct in Taurus. Which is the second sign of the Zodiac. This sign signifies the throat of Kalapurusha !!!.

Sai Baba of Shirdi Was born when the Combination was happening in Pisces,the last sign of Moksha and Ultimate Liberation.

The Combination was aspecting the Ninth house of Rama Krishna Paramahamsa ,which is the house of Dharma one follows, when he was just about to take up priesthood of Dakshineswar Temple !!!

In the Horoscope of Ramana Maharishi,this combination happened in the Ninth house ,. in his early childhood along with Saturn transiting over his Bhrigu Bindu in the sign of Pisces.The sign of Moksha and Liberation .

The Same combination is the Cause of an Asteroid hit in Tunguska,Russia in 1908 and also explosion of an Asteroid over East Mediterranean in 2002.

The Same Combination is about to happen in Sagittarius in the year 2019 !!!!.
Saturn joins the Combination of Pluto Ketu .Saturn Ketu will be in degree conjunction for over 6 months continuously.This is the Combination which Changes the World order for the next few centuries to come
We will sure witness a great cleansing . We will see an Asteroid hit,Great wars , Use of Atom Bombs, A new Religious Order , A new Religious leader !!!!

Wednesday, April 12, 2017

Saturn's transit in Dhanu Rasi - Effects on various Raasis - Mithuna

Mithuna rasi natives will have Saturn transiting in their 7th house from their natal moon and will be Tamra moorthy all of this year which is not too encouraging.Saturn in Sagittarius will be in a neutral sign.
Any relations formed now will take time to mature.Relations will take time deepen for these natives during this period. 

Saturn in the 7th house from the natal moon aspects the 9th house which is its own sign this aspect makes the native more fortunate during this period.

The natives will have keen interest in religion now. There will be happiness through wife and children.

When Saturn transits between 6 deg 40 min and 20 deg the most of the natives of Mithuna rasi will get oppurtunities from abroad as Saturn will be aspecting Ardra, the constellation of Rahu.If there is a promise in the natal chart, the natives will get a good break abroad.

Saturn in the sign between 0 deg and 6deg 40 min will give good success to the elder brother of the native.

There might be some health problems to the spouse of native when Saturn transits moola.

Saturn while transiting in Poorvashadha may cause a temporary separation in marraige which may be involuntary.

Father of the native will have successful time during this transit of Saturn.

As the Saturn projects an aspect to the fourth house from the natal moon, Students will have a better time during this transit.

The aspect of Saturn on the fourth house may also negatively effect heart patients.

Mother of the native may have some negative impact. Relations with her might not be very congenial.

Real estate transactions should be done with care during this time.

Saturn's ashtakavarga score will matter much to come to conclusions always. If Saturn is with a strength of 4 or more BAV  and with a score of 28 or more SAV, then there will not be much negative effects.

If you are facing any negative effects of this transit. Perform Rudrabhisheka regularly, visit Lord Shiva temple regularly. 

Saturn's transit in Dhanu Rasi - Effects on various raasis - Vrishabha

Effects on Vrishabha Rasi natives :


Continuing on the topic of Saturn's transit in Moola, Vrishabha rasi natives will have Saturn in Moola in their 8th house from their natal moon.Saturn will be a Lohamurthy all of this year to the natives. 

This transit may cause some separations in the lives of some natives. There will be unsatisfactory partition of Inheritance. Health of the individual may be under pressure.

The Saturn will be projecting aspects on the third and Sixth houses from the natal moon. Both these aspects are good there will be gain in courage, name and fame. 

The transit will be good for the Profession of the  native as the Saturn will be aspecting the 10th house,his own house from the natal moon.The native may gain confidence of the Government or higher officers at his work place. 

There will be excessive work and will be stressful to the natives in this transit.

This transit some times may also result in some loss of money at the place of work due to theft or misappropriation by subordinates. 

There will be irreligious during this transit. The natives may trouble or bad mouth Gods and Gurus.This should be taken care of by the natives. 

This transit will be good for the elder brother/sister of the native. They will be having higher income and gains through their profession.

The spouse will be keeping things to herself in this transit of Saturn and will be an introvert.She might be mostly preoccupied with some serious concerns.

Eigth house transit of Saturn may lead to health troubles to the mother of the native. Relations with her will not be congenial.

Any how conclusions should be drawn only based on the Ashtakavarga strength of Saturn in Dhanu rasi.If Saturn is with strength of 4 or more in BAV and more than 28 in SAV then most of negative results will be absolved.

Redmedies: If you are facing any of the troubles mentioned above, please visit lord Shiva Temple regularly and perform Rudrabhishekas on a regular frequency.

Saturn's transit in Dhanu rasi - Effects on various Raasis - Mesha

Saturn entered Dhanu rasi on the 26th January this year. Lets see what effects Saturn will have on each of the rasis.

First on Mesha rasi : 
Saturn will be transiting the 9th house as Rajata Murthy which is generally good. On June 20 Saturn will go back into Vischika rasi and will stay there till October 25th.This may result in some change of place.Ninth house transit of Saturn is generally not too auspicious.However before coming to any conclusion on the effects of the transit, the ashtakavarga strength of Saturn in Dhanu rasi in the individual horoscope should be surely taken into consideration.

Mesha rasi people during this transit will acquire more knowledge about tradition,religion and Judicial affairs. They will be successful in some court cases if other factors like dasa and antardasa also indicate the same.

Saturn in the Dhanu rasi projects aspect to the 11th house from Mesha which is Aquarius. 

This aspect results in gains and success. The younger brother/sister of the native will be more fortunate during this period.

There will be professional gains as the placement of Saturn in the 9th house from Mesha being the lord of 10th house results in a Raja Yoga.

However, the transiting Saturn also projects an aspect to the 6th house from the natal moon which is Virgo.This aspect will cause health disturbance to the maternal uncle and may cause some obstructions to the affairs of the individual. 

Saturn while transiting the sign between 0 deg to 3.20 deg may cause health troubles to the individual.

If Rahu is placed in Dhanu Rasi in the natal chart, While Saturn is transiting over the natal Rahu, it may take the younger brother of the individual on a trip abroad.

Overall though there would be some professional gains due to the Raja Yoga effect, there may be some health troubles too for the Mesha natives.

Remedies: Chanting Hanuman Chalisa, visiting Lord Hanuman temple,Performing Rudrabhishekam will absolve troubles that may arise from this transit.

Tuesday, April 11, 2017

The Sun and Mercury of Pulitzer award winning Ellen Goodman

This is the horoscope of  Ellen Goodman, the versatile Pulitzer prize winning American Journalist and Syndicated Coloumnist. I have some interesting references to make from two Astrology classics ,what they say about the placement of planets in her chart. She has her lagna lord Mercury debilitated in her 10th house of profession along with the third lord Sun. Mercury is in the constellation of Uttarabhadrapada and Sun is in the constellation of Revati. 

Surprisingly both placements indicate her profession to be writing and becoming an author.
Saravali says about the native becoming a Professional author if Mercury is in Uttarabhadrapada and Jyotish Makarand says the native will be an author if Sun is in Revati. 

Saravali, more explicitly says the native will write on Political issues,geography and governance. Ellen Goodman has spent most of her life chronicling social change and its impact on American Life. She has been a recipient of the prestigious Pulitzer awards and the Hubert H.Humphrey Civil Rights award . 

She received the award in the Dasa-antardasa of Jupiter-Rahu in April, 1980. Jupiter is the 10th lord of Career and position placed in the friendly 11th house of success and recognition.The antardasa was of a beneficial Rahu placed in the sign of Mercury, the natural karaka for writing and aspecting the 10th house.

Surprisingly, at the time of receiving the Pulitzer award in April,1980, the planets Jupiter and Saturn were transiting the third house from her Janma lagna.Both Jupiter and Saturn at this time were transiting over the Hora lagna,Sree lagna and the Ghati lagna. All the three were associated with the third house in her natal chart which is an another indicator of her being a versatile author. 

Following are the links to the data on  Astrodata Bank and Wikipedia :

Sunday, April 2, 2017

How is my day today ??? - Want to know ???

If you are attending an interview today or if you are negotiating on a property transaction or if you are planning to complete any unfinished task which is pending and if you want to know the outcome before hand as per your horoscope, mail your birth details and if you do not have your birth details mail me a number between 1 to 108. Will let you know the indications as per your birth chart and or the prashna chart. The charges will be Rs 250 per one question which you will have to send along with your question. You will get a straight answer immediately.

Following are my contact details and Bank account details :

Soma Sekhar Sarva
email : somasekharsarva@gmail.com 
Phone No : + 91 96407 54054

Bank Account Details :
Savings Account No: 055710100091009
Andhra Bank ,
T.Nagar Branch,
Chennai 

IFSC Code : ANDB0000557  

Monday, February 27, 2017

Astrology Consultations

ఆరోగ్యము , విద్య , వుద్యోగం , వృత్తి , వ్యాపారం , వివాహమునకు సరియగు సమయము , కుజ దోష నిర్ణయము  , రాహు,కేతు ల కాల సర్ప దోషనిర్ణయము , అన్యోన్య దాంపత్యము, సంతాన స్థానమునకు  గ్రహ బలములు, రియల్ ఎస్టేట్ రంగము నందు పురోగతి , రాజ  యోగము , విదేశీ యోగము , ఇతర యోగముల నిర్ణయము ,ఖచిత లగ్న సాధన , నామ నక్షత్ర , జన్మ నక్షత్ర ఫలితములు, జప హోమాది రెమెడీస్ చేయించుకొనుటకు సంప్రదించండి : 

HORA SARVAM is a platform for those who intend to seek astrological readings and get advice on remedies from Me.
About me : I am into studying and researching into Parasharic system of astrology for the past 10 years.I have read considerable number of charts of friends,family members,collegues and others ,fixed Muhurthas for marraiges,upanayan ceremonies and matched horoscopes of number of prospective couples.
I intend to provide astrological consultancy at reasonable rates and assure prompt replies with in a turnaround time of 48 hours depending on the number of horoscopes to be studied.
I charge about Rs. 1000 per  reading

A portion of the money earned through this activity will be donated to an Educational Trust.
You can post your accurate Birth details and your question in brief and give me time as mentioned above, to reply you, the astrological indications in your chart and any remedies.

For a sample report which you get for a full life reading you can check at the following link :http://horasarvam.blogspot.com/2015/12/sample-horoscope-reading-report-sent-by.html



Contact : Soma Sekhar Sarva
email : somasekharsarva@gmail.com 
Phone No : + 91 96407 54054

Bank Account Details :

Savings Account No: 055710100091009 Andhra Bank , T.Nagar Branch,Chennai IFSC Code : ANDB0000557

Sunday, January 22, 2017

What does Saturn transit into Sagittarius on the 26th January 2017 has in store for you ????

Saturn is completing its transit in Scorpio and entering into Sagittarius after about 27 years on the 26th January. Saturn turns retrograde on the 6 th of April and returns to Scorpio on the 21st of June for a brief tenure before permanently transiting into Sagittarius . Saturn turns direct on 25th August 2017, stays in Scorpio and transits into Sagittarius on the 26 th of October,2017. In the process, Saturn activates some natal planets, Arudhas and some special lagnas !!!.

There will be important events close to the dates of Saturn turning retrograde and turning direct. The transit starts a new phase in every ones life and it effects each aspect of your life in a different way !!! 

People with Moon sign in Aquarius will have a great period ahead with the best transit of Saturn happenning in their 11th house of success and gains. There will be recognition, success, aggression, a second source of Income and fulfillment of wishes.

People with Moon sign in Cancer will have a good period ahead with another good placement of Saturn in their 6th house from their natal moon. They will have competitive success and a great recognition in society. There will be some health issues too which will be overcome eventually.

People with Moon sign in Libra will have a good period ahead while Saturn transits Sagittarius which is the third house from their natal moon.They will have more short distance travel during the period and will have more courage.

People who are born in Aslesha Constellation will have great financial gains and will have gain of a good Job !!! They will have gains from their subordinates.

People born in Ashivini constellation will have Unnecessary Travel across the country , Loans and Pressure for repayment.

People born in Mrigashira constellation will have Good gains of money due to their hard work and Gain of a good Job/Position.

To know what is in store for you in this transit, placement of Saturn from both your natal moon and the ascendant has to be studied carefully taking into consideration various factors like Ashtakavarga and Dasa- Antardasa and the placement of Saturn in your natal chart at the time of birth.

Contact me on 96407 54054 or email me at somasekharsarva@gmail.com to know more. Will let you know the effects of this transit and also if any remedies that have to be performed.